Serial position effects in 2-alternative forced choice recognition: Functional equivalence across visual and auditory modalities

Two experiments examined Ward, Avons and Melling’s (2005) proposition that the serial position function is task, rather than modality, dependent. Specifically, they proposed that for backward testing the 2-alternative forced choice (2AFC) recognition paradigm is characterised by single-item recency irrespective of the modality of the stimulus presentation. In Experiment 1 the same nonwords sequences, presented both visually or auditorially, produced qualitatively equivalent serial position functions with 2AFC testing. Forward testing produced a flat serial position function, whilst backward testing produced two-item recency in the absence of primacy. In order to rule out the possibility that the serial position functions for visual stimuli were the product of sub-vocal rehearsal, Experiment 2 employed articulatory suppression during the presentation phase. Serial position function equivalence was again observed together with a modest impairment in overall recognition rates. Taken together, these data are consistent with the Ward et al. proposition and further support the existence of a visual memory that can facilitate storage of visual-verbal material e.g. Logie, Della Sella, Wynn, and Baddeley (2000). However, the observation of two-item recency contradicts the original Duplex account of single-item recency traditionally observed for backwards recognition testing of visual stimuli (Phillips and Christie, 1977)

Serial position functions for recognition of olfactory stimuli

Two experiments examined item recognition memory for sequentially presented odours. Following a sequence of six odours participants were immediately presented with a series of 2-alternative forced choice (2AFC) test odours. The test pairs were presented in either the same order as learning or the reverse order of learning. Method of testing was either blocked (Experiment 1) or mixed (Experiment 2). Both experiments demonstrated extended recency, with an absence of primacy, for the reverse testing procedure. In contrast, the forward testing procedure revealed a null effect of serial position. The finding of extended recency is inconsistent with the single-item recency predicted by the two-component duplex theory (Phillips and Christie, 1977). We offer an alternative account of the data in which recognition accuracy is better accommodated by the cumulative number of items presented between item learning and item test

Switching between chewing-gum and no-gum at learning and retrieval does not accentuate error production in free recall

Three experiments compared chewing gum to a no gum condition to examine further the finding (Anderson, Berry, Morse & Diotte, 2005) that switching flavour between learning and recall encourages error production independently of free recall. In order to encourage error production, participants in Experiment 1 were told to guess responses at recall, participants in Experiment 2 were required to recall categorised word lists and in Experiment 3 participants repeated the same learning-recall combination on four immediately successive occasions and were required to recall different categorised word lists on each. The experiments produced universally null effects. Consistent with previous research, for correct recall, there were no independent effects of chewing gum for learning or recall and nor was their evidence of context dependency. Error production was not biased towards the inconsistent learning-recall contexts even when participants switched successively between the learning-recall contexts. Finally, there was no evidence that extended temporal exposure to chewing gum was an important determinant of context-dependent memory effects

Structural perfection in poorly lattice matched heterostructures

Continuum elastic theory is applied to the formation of misfit dislocations and point defects in strained layer structures. Explicit calculations of the energies of misfit dislocations in the double‐ and single‐kink geometries yield line tensions below which strained films are stable with respect to defect formation. Our results yield a mismatch‐dependent stability limit which, in the double kink case, differs from the Matthews–Blakeslee model by a geometrical factor and by the addition of a stress term associated with climb of the misfit dislocation. While our calculations yield equilibrium stability limits which may not correspond to observed critical thicknesses, the calculated stresses may be applied to descriptions of the kinetics of strain relief in films grown beyond these limits. Last, calculations of strain‐related contributions to the free energy of formation of point defects suggest a contribution │ΔG_(strain)│ ≃0.25 eV for a 5% lattice mismatch. This suggests a means of suppressing or enhancing the formation of vacancies or interstitials in semiconductors favoring these defects

Stability of hyperbolic space under Ricci flow

We study the Ricci flow of initial metrics which are C^0-perturbations of the hyperbolic metric on H^n. If the perturbation is bounded in the L^2-sense, and small enough in the C^0-sense, then we show the following: In dimensions four and higher, the scaled Ricci harmonic map heat flow of such a metric converges smoothly, uniformly and exponentially fast in all C^k-norms and in the L^2-norm to the hyperbolic metric as time approaches infinity. We also prove a related result for the Ricci flow and for the two-dimensional conformal Ricci flow.Comment: 18 page

Sync or sink? Interpersonal synchrony impacts self-esteem

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Qualitative differences in the immediate recognition memory for wine and visual matrices

Objectives: The present study examined short-term recognition for gustatory stimuli (wines) and investigated the proposition that serial position effects are qualitatively equivalent across stimulus types (Ward et al., 2005). Design: Two experiments examined serial position effects for a single yes/no recognition task with gustatory (Experiment 1) and visual stimuli (Experiment 2). Methods: Two experiments were conducted (n=24 in each) each comprising 18 trials. Participants were presented with sequences of three wines (Experiment 1) or three matrices (Experiment 2). Each item was presented for five seconds with a five-second ISI (incorporating a palette cleanse). Following the three items, participants received a single recognition probe. Results: Recognition for wine revealed strong primacy with an indication of recency. In contrast, recognition for non-verbal stimuli (abstract matrices) revealed strong recency and no primacy. Conclusions: The primacy advantage reported for wines is consistent with the first item bias reported for wine preference judgments (Mantonakis et al., 2009). Furthermore, the qualitatively different serial position functions for gustatory stimuli (compared to non-verbal visual stimuli) is consistent with a model in which short-term memory for gustatory stimuli operate differently to that of other stimulus types

The Rhetoric of Co-Creation

Co-creation, the idea that brands should work with consumers and other stakeholders as equal partners in order to collaboratively generate ideas about what they produce and how they should market it, appears to be currently enjoying an enthusiastic reception amongst marketing academics and practitioners. This chapter looks critically at the evolution of the idea of co-creation in marketing thought and practice by closely reading the texts that have provided the foundational thinking behind the perspective as well as investigating the way in which practitioners talk about its adoption and implementation. This exploration highlights serious tensions between traditional marketing’s desire for control over consumers and co- creation’s apparent surrender of control to them. Yet, these tensions are shown to be largely rhetorical in nature, serving to strategically position a ‘new’ egalitarian marketing that relies just as much upon the traditional marketing control-orientation as the old approach it has ‘Othered’. Co-creation, therefore, can be viewed as a form of disinformation that aids marketing in misdirecting attention away from its moribund state and resulting crisis of relevancy